Gangs and Injunctions - 1330 Words

Gangs and Injunctions Criminal activities and gangs have mostly always been an on going problem in the United States. Gangs and gang members are frequently involved with a variety of different crimes. The 2008 National Youth Gang Survey reported that there are approximately 774,000 active gang members in the United States (Egley, Howell, Moore, 2010). The 2008 National Youth Gang Survey also states that there are about 27,900 active gangs in the United States (Egley et al., 2010). The active gangs in California have caused a major impact on the state in many ways. According to the California Department of Justice, approximately 300,000 gang members are living in California (Crawford, 2009). California also attributes more than 25†¦show more content†¦The police force may be looked at negatively for setting such heavy restrictions on regular neighborhoods because there are injunctions set upon the area. The people from the neighborhoods would be the individuals that believe gang injunctions should not be enforced. One of the many problems involved with gang injunctions is that there is not a clear definition of what a gang is. Numerous definitions of gangs have come about through the decades. For example, the 2006 National Youth Gang Survey defines a gang as â€Å"a group of youths in your jurisdiction that you are willing to classify as a gang† (Egley, O’Donnell, 2008). This definition of a gang is very vague because any group of youths can be seen as a gang. This definition does not always work. For example, a group of people who share a common interest like reading books or collecting baseball cards can be labeled as a â€Å"gang.† The National Gang Center and federal law define a gang as â€Å"any ongoing group, club, organization, or association of five or more person: A) that has as one of its primary purposes the commission of one or more of the criminal offenses; B) the members of which engage, or have engaged within the p ast five years, in a continuing series of offenses; and C) the activities of which affect interstate or foreign commerce (Brief review of Federal and State definitions, 2009, p.1). Another problem closely associated with gang injunctions are the violations of constitutional rights.Show MoreRelatedEssay about Gang Injunctions10585 Words   |  43 Pagesand Constitutionality of Gang Injunctions Ryan Jacobsen* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 GENERAL STANDARD FOR ISSUING AN INJUNCTION .................................... 3 WHAT IS A CIVIL GANG INJUNCTION? ............................................................... 4 HISTORY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF GANG INJUNCTIONS ........................Read MoreWhat Is The Connection Between The Fireguns?998 Words   |  4 PagesSpecial Agent Joseph M. Riehl directs this message to the gang as he states, â€Å"Targeting gangs and seizing firearms from violent criminals will continue to be the number one priority of the Fresno Police Department†. Considering this a few examples of convictions relating to fire arms in the city of Fresno are mentioned as well by the Eastern District of California. For example, â€Å"On November 12, 2013, Fernando Casas, 35, a Bond Street Bulldog gang member, was sentenced to seven years and eight monthsRead MoreThe Violence Of African American Communities953 Words   |  4 PagesAfrican-American communities and their issues with gang violence, government assistance, and the lack of jobs in their communities it is clear to say that the American Dream or even a moderate lifestyle was not created for all African Americans and Minorities and since we found a way to be noticed, heard, and felt like they’re rightfully a part of something America wants to now label it â€Å"war or Drugs† and â€Å"gang Violence† thus creating Gang Injunctions in those predominantly of color communities. NowRead MoreThe Civil Injunction Process Essay884 Words   |  4 Pageshead: THE CIVIL INJUNCTION PROCESS The Civil Injunction Process STUDENT’S NAME PROFESSOR’S NAME The Civil Injunction Process The following scenario presents key players in any law enforcement agency, possible dialogs, inter-agency politics, and concerns when change is proposed. The  facts come from an actual experience in Redondo Beach, California. This study is about using the Civil Injunction Process against street gangs. I believe that the North Side Protectors gang was allowed toRead MoreCauses Of Gangs1852 Words   |  8 Pagespeople see gangs as intimidating, threatening, dangerous, and problematic. In fact, as discussed in class; gangs are considered problematic because they intimidate citizens, sell drugs, party in public, stash weapons, and commit crime without getting caught (Lecture, 9/12). Society as a whole, judges gang members and places such a negative reputation on them. The frustrating part is that instead of offering a second/third chance for these individuals and provide them with alternatives to the gang streetRead MoreA Civil Injustice768 Words   |  4 PagesThe situation that is being focused on in this paper is the fighting street crime, specifically a street gang that has been operating in Redondo Beach, California. While trying to fight this negative force in the community, the criminal justice had to come up with innovative ideas, they realize that focusing on a specific tr ouble area is one that is not new to most law enforcement officers. It is believed that the â€Å"shifting the focus of policing from responding to incidents to proactive crime preventionRead MorePolice Officers Are Under Constant Scrutiny859 Words   |  4 Pageswitness. Frantically compelling how the gang members could possible follow him to his house and threaten him and his family. Furthermore, he felt he needed more protect and asked to be taken to and from court with the police by his side. Mr. Hernandez fearfulness did not come from thin air; it came from a realization of past accounts possible due to similar events among. Living in an area where crime is prevalent and a way of life he understood the influence the gangs present in the city. Mr. HernandezRead MoreThe Mission Of The Sdwcc Task Force Essay1426 Words   |  6 Pagesthe West Coast Crips gang by creating a renewed community confidence and enhanced quality of life through a three pronged prevention, intervention , and suppression strategy. We will educate community members on the negative impacts of gang participation and attractive alternatives for families, and in particular the youth, in a robust prevention effort. We will utilize law enforcement and other emerging resources, to engineer intervention solutions for those at risk of gang membership and those alreadyRead MoreWhat Drives Adolescents to Join a Gang?683 Words   |  3 PagesJoining a Gang and Their Mind Mentality Parents want the best for their children. They try their best to keep them happy. However they tend to lose their children to the streets and the gangs. Why adolescences join these gangs should not be the question. There are many reasons why they join. Some reasons could be the absence of a parent, whether it is the mother or father. Lack of discipline or their parent’s could be a drug abuser. What motivates an adolescence to desire and acquire gang membershipRead MoreThe Mexican Mafia And Organized Crime3946 Words   |  16 PagesThe Mexican Mafia, or â€Å"La Eme†, as they refer to themselves, is one of the most powerful and influential organized crime gangs in the United States. The organization has risen through the decades of mass gang wars and violence to become the power it is today. Their control is limitless and they have ventured far beyond the expectations of what was thought that gangs were capable of. They have infiltrated governments and manipulated poli tics. They have taken over neighborhoods and attempted to ethnically

Richard Wrights Assessment for the Negro Writers Essay

Richard Wrights Assessment for the Negro Writers Introduction Richard Wright’s plead in the Blueprint for Negro Writing could be very well summarized in one of the famous words from Thomas Kempis, â€Å"Be not angry that you cannot make others as you wish them to be, since you cannot make yourself as you wish to be.† In this popular essay, Richard Wright denounced the Negro writers as he perceived them to be merely begging for the sympathy of the bourgeoisie instead of striving to present a life that is more worth living for the Black Americans (Mitchell 98). This paper argues that Richard Wright was justified in his assessment that literature was so concentrated on pandering to white readers thereby neglecting the needs of the â€Å"Negro†¦show more content†¦The Harlem Renaissance Firstly, it is worthwhile to examine the time when both of these literary works were written. The writers studied in this paper are part of the Harlem renaissance, the period of rebirth of the African American creative expression. During this time, the time of so-called â€Å"New Negro,† the African American communities more likely developed a sense of Negro pride (Rasche 5). In addition, the Harlem Renaissance writers attempted to relate their history to their present condition, as well the urban and rural experience of the African Americans. Thus, writing was the product of and their respond to their historical and cultural context (Rasche 6). On Langston Hughes and his poem â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† One of the Harlem Renaissance writer was Langston Hughes (1902-1967). He was an American poet who was at the same time a social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist. He was also one of the pioneers of the literature art form jazz poetry. Hughes’ began to write poems when he was still in his eighth grade. Particularly, he wrote â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† when he was passing by the Mississippi River, on board on a train down to Mexico with his father (Shmoop 4). Hughes was a key icon during the Harlem Renaissance because his works has helped the black arts and culture flourish in the 1920s. Hughes’ writing reflected his advocacy that â€Å"Black isShow MoreRelatedSlavery and Black Thunder8056 Words   |  33 Pagesnineteenth century Gabriel Insurrection, in Virginia. The novel, which chronicles the Gabriel Prosser-led rebellion against the slave owners of Henrico County, was generally lauded by critics as one of the most significant black American works of fiction. Richard Wright praised the work for dealing forthrightly with the historical and revolutionary traditions of African Americans. Gabriel, a slave convinced that anything â€Å"equal to a grey squirrel wants to be free,† urges other slaves to revolt against theirRead More Visions of The Primitive in Langston Hughes’s The Big Sea Essay examples6201 Words   |  25 Pagesvariant of the more general aesthetic experiments of modernism, especially its obsession with exploring so-called â€Å"primitive† cultures, of which Conrad’s tale is a famously ambiguous example. Moreover, The Big Sea provides a trenchant commentary on writers such as Carl Van Vechten, whose novel Nigger Heaven (1926) promoted the associations of Harlem as an atavistic enclave for a disenfranchised black population.1 Indeed, Hugh M. Gloster describes Nigger Heaven as â€Å"a sort of guide book for visitors who

Consumer Market Profile Worksheet Free Essays

Demographic market description: Describe the demographic details of your target market. The following items include general descriptive categories you might identify for your customers. Skip items which are not applicable and add items that are. We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Market Profile Worksheet or any similar topic only for you Order Now ; Age range ; Income range ; sex ; Occupation ; Marital Status ; Family size ; Ethnic Group ; Level of Education ; Home ownership ; Other 2. Geographic market description: ; Area served (city, region, nation, etc. ) ; Density (urban, rural, suburban, etc. ) ; Location (mall, strip center, business district, etc. Climate conditions 3. Lifestyle description: What kind of people need or want your product or service? Your natural instincts and experience with customers should give you some sense of what your customers are interested in. A little research can help you identify other aspects of your target market’s lifestyle. 3-1 . Cryptographic description: Describe your target market in terms of selections made from the following terms relevant to your business. ; Technically adept ; Status seeking ; Trend-setting ; Conservative ; Socially responsible ; Environmentally conscious ; Smart shopper ; Family-oriented ;Fun-seeking How to cite Consumer Market Profile Worksheet, Papers

Approach The Chief Accountant to set up an Interview and Flo Chart Pro

Question: write down how you will approach the chief accountant to set up an interview and explain to Flo Chart how prototyping can help her to better define users information requirements? Answer: In a paragraph, write down how you will approach the chief accountant to set up an interview. First read and understand the background information about the Chief accountant and the organization as possible and then conduct the interview. Secondly decide whom to interview and then schedule a time with the chief accountant and then decide on the question type and structure State which structure you will choose for this interview. Why? The method to be used in this situation is Joint application design (JAD) .It is used to reduce the cost of a personal interviews. It has been used as a technique that allows the people involved in the development to jointly develop in a user group setting. JAD also helps users become involved early in systems projects and treats their modification to the system seriously. This helps in reflecting the user ideas in the final design. A final benefit of participating in JAD sessions is the creative development of designs. The chief accountant has four subordinates who also use the system. Would you interview them also? Why or why not? Yes the subordinates should also be interviewed in order to understand their requirements of updating system since they also will be using these functions of accounting. Would you also try to interview customers? Are there better ways to get the opinions of customers? Why or why not? No the customers are not interviewed in this situation because they do not use this system. Write three open-ended questions that you will e-mail to the chief accountant prior to your interview. Write a sentence explaining why it is preferable to contact an interviewee directly rather than via e-mail. For any in-depth requirement by the user it always preferable to contact through mail and it saves time and process speeds up 1) What are the aims of your department? 2) What informations have to be updated and will it affect the current system? 3) Is the updating critical? Prototyping is a working model of one or more concepts of the system to obtain a feedback about the proposed system and about how it is fulfilling the information needs of its users. It is constructed and tested quickly, is of low of cost and in order to test the requirement needs of a user. Information gathered in this phase allows in assigning priorities and to direct the plans to a low of cost, with a minimum of problems in the project. The first step of prototyping is to calculate the costs involved in building a module of the system. If the calculated cost for developing the system is within the budget the project can be preceded. The enlisted prototype helps the user to understand their requirements of information In PATCHED-UP PROTOTYPE: The users can interact with the system and get familiar to the interface of the system and types of output available. The process of getting and storing the information may be inefficient, because programs are written rapidly with the objective of being workable. NONOPERATIONAL PROTOTYPE: Users can use this prototype to understand the code used in the system and also make decisions on the utility of the system. FIRST-OF-A-SERIES PROTOTYPE: The full-scale working model allows users to experience a realistic interaction with the system and minimizes the cost of overcoming any problems with the change of requirements by the user. SELECTED FEATURES PROTOTYPE: Users can view the operational model of the system that includes some, but not all, of the features the system.

Lassa Virus Essays - Zoonoses, Tropical Diseases, Biological Weapons

Lassa Virus The Lassa virus is a vulgar virus with a high mortality rate and an expensive cure. Lassa was strange to me because I have never heard of the virus before. As I was reading in my research, I began to realize the risk the virus has on people. Lassa was first discovered, in humans, in a village in northern Nigeria (Andrechek). Lassa outbreaks have been reported in Guinea, Senegal, Mali, Sierra Leone and Zaire, which are all countries in West Africa (Andrechek). There have been reports of the Lassa virus out side of West Africa but those were in health care workers who had previously worked in that area. There is an estimate of 200,000 to 400,000 cases of Lassa Fever annually, thousands fatal (Andrechek). The mortality among hospital cases is 15%, but if untreated is 60%. The way the Virus is treated is with Ribavirin for ten days. If the infected person gets treatment within six days his mortality rate drops to 5% to 9% in medium to high risk group. If the virus is not treated within six days, but is treated after six days, the mortality rate skyrockets to 26% to 47% (Andrechek). Mortality is 2 to 3 times higher it is found in pregnant or post portum women. The Ribavirin can be stored in room temperature places, but is very expensive and is hard to get to people in need within six days. There is an alternate way of treating the virus with the Mozambique Virus (MV) that eats the Lassa virus, but the risk of mortality is increased dramatically. This "MV" is administered only if the disease it is a life or death situation between the one to six day period. There isn't a real cure for the virus. You can only hope it dies away with the treatment, but they are still working on that. The way Lassa Fever was originally transmitted was through rats' urine and saliva (Andrechek). The spread of Lassa is still spread by rats. It is also an aerosol, which mean that it is a disease that is transmitted through the air, but this is very rare. The most efficient way to get Lassa is through a rodent bite. People can also transmit Lassa. It can be transmitted by sex and by an aerosol method. Lassa is a level IV on the Biosafety scale (Andrechek). Which is the second highest Biosafety level. That means it is a highly contagious and deadly disease. Areas where the Lassa is transmitted are very poor and have little, to no sanitation. The effects on the body are numerous and shocking. In the gastrointestinal system the effects include abdominal pain that leads to vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, or constipation and painful swallowing (Ling). In the respiratory system includes sore throat, pharyngitis, chest pain, and coughing (Ling). The way Lassa effects the cardiovascular system is scary, and includes: pericarditis, facial and neck edema (capillary leakage), bleeding of the gums, nose, GI and vagina, and increased blood pressure and heart rate (Ling). Other ways Lassa Fever effects your body is through dehydration, shock, meningitis, deafness, mental confusion, and seizures, which occur hours before death. The effects on children are strange also. They include bleeding, abdominal distention, foaming at the mouth and global edema, which is when the skin feels and looks like a balloon. That is also referred to as "swollen baby syndrome" (Andrechek). These effects have a great deal to do with the Biosafety rating given to this disease. The Lassa virus is not a well-known virus, but has a huge mortality rate. This was not a good statistic I found. There are too many diseases in the world but if we try we can at least try to stop that spread of these diseases. If we contain the diseased area and isolate it, we will have attained a step closer to the ultimate goal. The goal is to have a world with out disease.

Companies Damage Control

Companies Damage Control Introduction Through the process of globalization markets around the world are experiencing a greater degree of interconnectivity resulting in a far more efficient process of global capital flows and resource allocation. In other words resources from one area in the world can now be allocated to another area in the world in a faster, cheaper and more efficient way.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Companies’ Damage Control specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is an important factor to take into consideration due to the fact that as the green movement progresses within the U.S. and new forms of legislation are enacted to force companies to comply with stricter environmental standards this creates a distinctly unfriendly business environment for companies to continue operations in. Why do Companies Outsource? When factoring in the high cost of American labor, high local and government taxes as well as higher uti lity cost expenditure as compared to that in other countries it becomes obvious as to why companies are outsourcing their business processing and manufacturing sectors to locations such as China, the Philippines and India. In such locations not only is the minimum wage lower but utility expenditure is cheaper, local environmental laws are more lax and companies are able to be more flexible in terms of how they want their operations to grow and develop. Implications Unfortunately the long term implications of the outsourcing movement is a decrease in the American manufacturing sector as more and more jobs go to foreign countries. Also it must be noted that there are environmental implications that should be taken into consideration since the reason why the green movement has become so prevalent in the U.S. is related to the fact that it is often the case that unregulated and unrestricted manufacturing processes often result in adverse impacts on the local environment. As noted in the case of China and India where a majority of outsourced manufacturing has been going, it was seen that between the 1990s to the present the level of toxic chemicals in the air and water has increased exponentially due to the rather lax environmental standards for the disposal of industrial waste during the manufacturing process.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Corporate Social Responsibility What must be understood is that while companies are not directly liable for activities before particular laws have been enacted against them all companies should at least follow a certain degree of corporate social responsibility (CSR) during normal business processes. CSR is a way in which a company limits its actions in order to comply with certain ethical standards and principles, the goal of which is a positive impact on the local community and environment (KRENG MAY-YAO, 2011). The reason behind this is connected to the way in which a company is perceived by consumers which results in either a positive or negative company image which will impact consumer patronage of a companys products and services. Thus, it can be seen that in cases where there is a necessity to perform a certain degree of due diligence in cases where a company has to fix a problem when certain laws prohibit particular actions then under CSR a company must do so in order to maintain a positive public image. Conclusion As such, in the case of damage control in the case presented what will be done is for the company to immediately take responsibility and fix the problem under the tenets of CSR however based on the possibility of future problems such as this surfacing in the future it would be recommended that the companys manufacturing facilities be transferred to locations abroad where environmental regulation laws are less strict so as to prevent future regulation problems from oc curring. Reference Kreng, V. B., May-Yao, H. (2011). Corporate Social Responsibility: Consumer Behavior, Corporate Strategy, And Public Policy. Social  Behavior Personality: An International Journal, 39(4), 529-541.

Comparison Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comparison Critique - Essay Example rd (Hippolyta, queen of the Amazons, presumably met Theseus in combat), he will wed her â€Å"with pomp, with triumph, and with reveling’ with a grand celebration to begin at once and last until the wedding. The order that was given to the youth to be in the merriment mood shows that there was overuse of authority to the people in the society who had little or nothing to say at all. This can be a good example of dictatorship. The kings are also known to be dictators in the countries that they rule because the leadership is inherited without giving much consideration to the leadership qualities (Bloom and Janyce 28). Egeus, an Athenian citizen, arrives at Theseuss palace with a crisis. Hes made plans for his daughter, Hermia, to marry Demetrius, but this other guy named Lysander has managed to steal his daughters heart. Now Hermia refuses to marry Demetrius. Egeus is outraged and wants Theseus to give Hermia the death sentence for her disobedience, per Athenian law. The marriage arrangements seem to have failed because the daughter refuses to marry the man that the king had chosen for her. This is an indication that the king does not accept to give other people a chance to make their own choice. He dictates even the family members a total dictatorial society (Shurin 195). Duke Theseus wants to be reasonable, so he advises Hermia to be a good girl and listen to her father. Hermia flat-out refuses, so Theseus gives her two alternative options: 1) accept the death penalty as punishment for disobedience, or 2) become a nun and remain a virgin forever. Hermia has four days to decide her fate. In the society, there are always advisors who will come to give advice on the basis that they care. They come to persuade someone to do something to please someone. Duke is such a person who is advising Hermia to wed someone who is not her choice but her conscience tells her not to. Sometimes it is good to follow someone’s conscience because it is always right on some situations

John Fowless The Collector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

John Fowless The Collector - Essay Example In addition to this, the author of the novel chooses this very way of delivering the story with the aim to manipulate the reader’s attitude and view of the characters, events, and ideas described in the novel. Through the comparison of the descriptions of one and the same event, it becomes clear how the author influences the audience’s feelings by means of using two perspectives. From Clegg’s perspective, Miranda acts like a violent attacker, not a victim: â€Å"She had me at her mercy, it was a miracle she didn’t do me in† (Fowles). By this, Clegg presents himself as a victim, and the audience is positioned to experience some sort of sympathy towards him. In Miranda’s perspective, the opportunity to escape is a game of chance. She appears not as a merciless attacker; in fact, she hesitates whether she should use the opportunity: â€Å"It was like waking up out of a bad dream. I had to hit him and I couldn’t but I had to†. Due t o the fact that Miranda cannot hurt her kidnapper emphasizes the awfulness of the situation and makes the audience sympathize with her even more and, at the same time, makes the reader question her inability to kill Clegg. Overall, by the use of two perspectives, the author instigates hesitation in the audience and makes reader choose whose side to take in the story. Despite the fact that at some moment the reader may feel pity for Clegg, it is obvious that this feeling is not so strong because of the way he behaves toward Miranda.

Mackinsey and Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mackinsey and Company - Essay Example The challenge is that it is extremely difficult for modern leader-managers to motivate and inspire employees, analyze their needs and meet these needs. Lack of leadership and management skills may lead to a failure, low productivity and poor organizational performance. In modern environment, the main challenge is that leader-manager deals with culturally and economically diverse workforce, so he/she should be well aware of motivational theories and their practical application. Combs (2002) pays a special attention to leadership challenges and motivational problems typical for modern organizations. Motivation is one of the main factors which influence productivity and morale, feelings and human relations in the workplace. There are different theories of motivation which try to explain human needs and intentions, intrinsic and extrinsic drivers. People with a high degree of achievement motivation are more persistent, realistic, and action-minded than people with other kinds of motivat ional patterns. Silva (2005), Schultz (2003) and Meuse and Claire (2007) show that motivation has changed influenced by external and internal stimuli.This does not necessarily make them more productive; that seems to depend on whether the task requires some degree of personal initiative or inventiveness. If it does, the achievement-motivated person is very likely to leave his competitors far behind. A great deal can be learned from the cultural environment if attention is paid to complaints, compliments, surveys, and other opinions of employees and patterns of service demand. Finally, among the factors to be considered as part of the internal organizational environment are the structure of an organization, its history, its distinctive strengths and weaknesses, changes in its values, and its culture. Kiel (1999) and Barak (2000) examine and analyze Mallow's hierarchy of needs and motivation principles. Once basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter are satisfied, he wants friends and to get folksy and group. Once these needs for belonging are satisfied, he wants recognition and respect from his fellowmen and he wants to achieve independence and competence for himself. One approach, widely known by managers, is set out by Abraham H. Maslow in his book "Motivation and Personality". Maslow's theory of motivation claims that human motives develop in sequence according to five levels of needs. These needs are: psychological (hunger, thirst), safety (protection), social (be accepted, belong to a certain group), esteem (self-confidence, achievements, respect, status, recognition), and self-actualization (realizing one's potential for continued self-development). This theory show that needs follow in sequence and when one need is satisfied it decreases in strength and the higher need t hen dominates behavior. This leads to the statement that a satisfied need is not a motivator. There is a doubt whether this really applies in practice to the higher needs as it is likely that self-esteem requires continues stimulation and renewal. Few attempts have been made to test the validity of Maslow's ideas. A big problem is that Bill does not satisfy higher-order needs through their jobs or occupations, and this cannot really be tested. Another point is that he viewed satisfaction as a major motivator and this is not directly related to

History And Formation Of Newtons Rings

History And Formation Of Newtons Rings In this experiment the physical property of interference of light will be used to determine the wavelength,, of a light source. The interference fringe system here is a pattern of concentric circles, the diameter of which you will measure with a travelling microscope (which has a Vernier scale). If a clean convex lens is placed on a clean glass slide (optically flat) and viewed in monochromatic light, a series of rings may be seen around the point of contact between the lens and the slide. These rings are known as Newtons rings and they arise from the interference of light reflected from the glass surfaces at the air film between the lens and the slide. The experimental set-up is shown in figure 1. History of history of Newtons ring The phenomenon of Newtons rings, named after sir Isaac Newton who first studied them in 1717, Newtons rings is a pattern of interference caused by two surfaces after reflection of light a sphere surface and an adjacent flat surface. When view with monochromatic light its appears as a series of concentric, alternating bright and dark rings centered at the point of contact between the two surfaces. When we see with white light, it forms like a rainbow colours concentric ring pattern because the different wavelengths of light interfere at different thickness of the layer between the surfaces. The light reflected from both surfaces caused by constructive interference, while the dark rings are caused by destructive. Perhaps, the outer rings are more closely spaced than the inner. So the above phenomenon was first described by Robert Hooke in his 1664 book Micrographia although its name derives from the physicist sir Isaac Newton, who was the first to analyze it. Newtons rings The term Newtons rings is a ring formed by the glass of curved, typically a convex lens, is put in contact with a glass of a plan surface. The curved glass kept on the plan glass, forming a film of air between them is increasingly larger along the length of the curve. When light is directed into the curved glass, a many of concentric circles appears. That is why the rings are referred to as Newtons rings. Which was the first to observe the phenomenon by Sir Isaac Newton? The Newtons rings formed will be phenomenon typically is dark alternating with bright, with the dark beginning in the center. It is formed as a result of interference between the light reflected by the two surfaces. Towards the application, Newtons rings can be used by lens makers to find out the quality of a lens. In a well-made lens, the rings should be uniform. When a convex surface with its Plano-convex lens is placed on a glass sheet, an air film of gradually increasing thickness outward is formed between the lens and the sheet. The thickness of film at the point of contact is zero. If light is allowed to fall on the lens, and the film is viewed in reflected light, alternate bright and dark concentric rings are seen around the point of contact. (Source google.com) Newtons Rings, it is visible a pattern of light and dark circles when a convex lens is placed, curved side down, on top of a flat piece of glass. The pattern was first observed by Sir Isaac Newton. The rings are caused by interference of light waves. When a light is falls downward onto the two pieces of glass, two overlapping beams of light are formed-one from light reflected by the lower surface of the curved glass and the other from light reflected by the upper surface of the flat glass. The light reflected from the plane glass moves farther than the light reflected from the curved glass. It depends on the distance between the two surfaces, light waves in the two beams may be in phase, and reinforcing each other or they may be out of phase, canceling each other out. Since the distances between the two reflecting surfaces increases with distance from the point where the lens and flat glass make contact, the areas where the waves are in phase and out of phase occur in concentric bands around the center of the lens. If the beam of light falls at the two pieces of glass is of a single wavelength i.e. monochromatic, the rings are thin circles of a single color. The rings are fewer in number, but highly colored when white light is used Formation of Newtons Rings Newtons rings are formed as a result of interference between the light waves reflected from the top and bottom surfaces of the air film formed between the lens and glass sheet. The phenomenon of the formation of Newtons ring can be explained on the basis of wave theory of light i.e.: An air film of varying thickness is formed between lens and the glass sheet. When a ray is incident on the surface of the lens, it is reflected as well as refracted. When the refracted ray strikes the glass sheet, it undergoes a phase change of 180 on the reflection. Interference occurs between two waves which interfere constructively if path differences between them is (m+1/2) 1 and destructively if path difference between them is ml producing alternate bright and dark rings. Radius of Newtons Ring Let the radius of curvature of the convex lens is R and the radius of ring is r. Consider light of wave length l falls on the lens. After refraction and reflection two rays 1 and 2 are obtained. These rays interfere each other producing alternate bright and dark rings. At the point of contact the thickness of air film is zero and the path difference is also zero and as a 180O path difference occurs, so they cancel each other and a dark ring is obtained at the centre. As we move away from the central point, path difference is also changed and alternate dark and bright rings are obtained. Let us suppose that the thickness of air film ist. By using the theorem of geometry, x = x r x r = t (2R t) = (2Rt -) Sincet is very small as compare to r, therefore neglecting = 2Rt r2 = 2Rt.. (1) In thin films, path difference for constructive interference is: 2nt = (m+1/2) l Where n= refractive index for air n = 1 Therefore, 2t = (m+1/2)l .. (2) For first bright ring m = 0 for second bright ring m = 1 For third bright ring m = 2 Similarly For Nth bright ring m = N-1 Putting the value of m in equation (2) 2t = (N-1+1/2)l 2t = (N-1/2)l t =1/2 (N-1/2) l .. (3) Putting the value oft in equation (1) r2 = 2Rt r2 = 2R. 1/2 (N-1/2) l r2 = R (N-1/2) l = Where N is the bright ring number, R is the radius of curvature of the lens the light is passing through, and ÃŽÂ » is the wavelength of the light passing through the glass. Working of Newtons Ring When convex surface of a long focal length lens is placed in contact with a plane glass disk and clamped together, as shown in cross section below. Adjustment screws are tightened to secure intimate contact at the center. Between the two surfaces of glass a thin film of air is formed and when this band is viewed under reflected light from an extensive light source. We ignore reflections from the top (Plano-convex lens) and bottom (plane glass disk) as these reflections just contribute to the overall glare. Since the wave is going from a higher to lower refractive index medium, there is no phase change at the glass air surface of convex lens. Whereas at the air-glass surface of the plane disk suffers a half-cycle phase shift due to reflection. Let R be the radius of curvature of the convex lens, r distance from center and the t air film thickness. Then, = 2Rt And the radius of the bright ring is given by: = [(N +  ½) ÃŽÂ »R]  ½ Here the two glass surfaces are in close contact and there is no reflection because it is as if there were no surfaces. The reflected light is almost white in colour for first maximum, this is because the distance between the two glass surfaces is such that its almost () ÃŽÂ » for the entire spectrum. Similarly succeeding rings exhibit more and more colour. Where the thickness is odd number N of (1/4) ÃŽÂ » for green, and where blue is about (N+1) (1/4) ÃŽÂ » and red is (N-1) (1/4) ÃŽÂ » will be most monochromatic ring. Therefore blue and red at reflection minima while green is at a reflection maximum. The experimental procedure to find the radius of Newtons bright ring is as follows. The convex surface of large radius of curvature is placed in contact with a plane glass disk and clamped together Adjustment screws are tightened to secure intimate contact at the center A thin film of air is formed between the 2 surfaces of glass The thin film of air is viewed under reflected light from an extensive light source Reflections from the top ( Plano-convex lens) and the bottom ( plane glass disk) are ignored, since these reflections just contribute to the overall glare The reflections of interest involves where the surfaces in contact Since the wave is going from higher to a lower refractive index medium, there is no phase change at the glass-air surface of the convex lens Whereas at the air-glass surface of the plane disk suffers a half-cycle phase shift due to reflection. Taking R as the radius of curvature of the convex lens, the relation between the radius of the ring r and the air-film thickness t is given by r2 = 2Rt . Then radius of the nth bright ring will be given by = The Newtons ring is used to;  · Illustrate the interference fringes formed in the air film between optical surfaces.  · Newtons rings are used to determine the radius of curvature of the bi convex or Plano-convex lens  · Measure the refractive index of a substance placed beneath the same lens.  · Determine the wavelength of sodium light

Defining Moments in Song of Solomon, Push, and Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas :: comparison compare contrast essays

Defining Moments in Song of Solomon, Push, and Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas      Ã‚  Ã‚   For those who bask in the light of privilege in the dominant culture, they take for granted their right to assert themselves and to be acknowledged as "somebody who matters". For those who live in the shadowy margins (such as the American poor and/or minorities), they experience the systematic denial of the basic human rights - to live at one's fullest potential, in other words, an outright denial from living a "dignified life". Such a denial might cause one to feel "voiceless and choiceless" (Objective 1b). It has been the minority's experience, (historically and in the present day) that the right to achieve one's full potential is kept just out of reach. Minorities must first fight for survival. Then, if there is enough energy and hope remaining, they can strive to utilize vehicles of assimilation or resistance (Objective 4) in order to carve a place for themselves in the world. However, this does not mean that a full realization of the "American dream" is even possible. For every small victory, there remains a bitter aftertaste. In other words, for every step gained, there is a "personal or cultural sacrifice" (Objective 4). Meanwhile, on the journey to freedom, the individual is plagued with 'ghosts' of the past. These 'hauntings' can appear in the form of individual/family oppression: (knowledge of emotional pain, physical violence) or in the form of a historical haunting: (i.e. knowledge that your ancestor was a slave; the traditional family unit broken)(Objective 3). These disturbances continue to surface and demand to be worked through, thus a 'haunting' is another factor that holds one back from achieving their full potential.    Whether oppression comes from a large, historical institution such as slavery, or from inter-family abuse, it is the process of suppression that I am exploring in this essay. The process of oppression is where families or institutions withhold or prevent one's self-worth or self-identity to develop. I will explore the personal journeys of the following characters; 1) Frederick Douglas from The Classic Slave Narratives, 2) Milkman from Song of Solomon, 3) Precious from Push, noting how they all share a common path through the darkness of oppression towards the ability to assert their self-identity.

Eco Friendly Structures

Major elements of green building design which are: Sustainable Site Design Key Principles: Minimize urban sprawl and needless destruction of valuable land, habitat and green space, which results from inefficient low-density development. Encourage higher density urban development, urban re-development and urban renewal, and brownfield development as a mearns to preserve valuable green space. Preserve key environmental assets through careful examination of each site.Engage in a design and construction process that minimizes site disturbance and which values, preserves and actually restores or regenerates valuable habitat, green space and associated eco-systems that are vital to sustaining life. Water Quality and Conservation Key Principles: Preserve the existing natural water cycle and design site and building improvements such that they closely emulate the site’s natural â€Å"pre-development† hydrological systems. Emphasis should be placed on retention of storm water an d on-site infiltration and ground water recharge using methods that closely emulate natural systems.Minimize the unnecessary and inefficient use of potable water on the site while maximizing the recycling and reuse of water, including harvested rainwater, storm water, and gray water. Energy and Environment Key Principles: Minimize adverse impacts on the environment (air, water, land, natural resources) through optimized building siting, optimized building design, material selection, and aggressive use of energy conservation measures. Resulting building performance should exceed minimum International Energy Code (IEC) compliance level by 30 to 40% or more. Maximize the use of renewable energy and other low impact energy sources.Indoor Environmental Quality Key Principles: Provide a healthy, comfortable and productive indoor environment for building occupants and visitors. Provide a building design, which affords the best possible conditions in terms of indoor air quality, ventilation , thermal comfort, access to natural ventilation and daylighting, and effective control of the acoustical environment. Materials and Resources Key Principles: Minimize the use of non-renewable construction materials and other resources such as energy and water through efficient engineering, design, planning and construction and effective recycling of construction debris.Maximize the use of recycled content materials, modern resource efficient engineered materials, and resource efficient composite type structural systems wherever possible. Maximize the use of re-usable, renewable, sustainably managed, bio-based materials. Remember that human creativity and our abundant labor force is perhaps our most valuable renewable resource. The best solution is not necessarily the one that requires the least amount of physical work.

“Children are best raised by their natural father and mother” †Critically Analyse The WritePass Journal

â€Å"Children are best raised by their natural father and mother† – Critically Analyse Abstract â€Å"Children are best raised by their natural father and mother† – Critically Analyse ) where the tribunal refused to allow an adoption agency from discriminating on the grounds of same-sex couples in adoption procedures. This confirmed the earlier decision of the ECtHR in Karner v Austria (2003) which stated that there need be significant and convincing reasons for discriminating against same-sex couples. It is clear therefore that moving towards a non-discriminatory society which recognizes equal rights for same-sex couples with regards to family life is a right which is currently seeing significant attention. In the judgment of X, Y Z v UK (1997), the ECtHR held that in determining whether a specific relationship may amount to family life, there is the need to consider a number of relevant factors. These factors include whether the couple cohabit, the duration of their relationship and whether there is a demonstrated measure of commitment to one another by the parents by having children together or any other demonstrable means. This was confirmed in the judgment of Fitzpatrick v Sterling Housing Association (1999) the court recognized that establishing the existence of a family life required the examination of factors such as the mutual inter-dependence between spouses, a commitment to sharing of lives together, the existence of caring and love-filled relationships, mutual commitment and the support that is rebuttably presumed to exist in marriage type relationships. The existence of a family life therefore that is necessary for the determination of the best interests of the child, is on e which does not necessarily include traditional parental roles, but rather the de facto existence of close personal relationships which define the relationship between a parent and a child. It stands to reason that the existence of these relationships will be best for the child, regardless of whether they exist in a same-sex parented family. Conclusion The question of whether it is in a child’s best interests to be raised by their natural mother and father is one which is currently a topic of widespread debate, particularly with regards to the question of adoption by same-sex couples. It is clear that the echoes of legal discrimination of same-sex couples is a topic that is garnering significant attention and the injustices that remain are being challenged and abolished. The significance of these decisions cannot be understated for the purposes of children’s and family law, as essentially this serves as a paramount recognition by the judiciary, based on legislated grounds of human rights, that a family unit does not necessarily consist of a natural father and mother to the exclusion of same-sex parented families. The essential inquiry in this regard is into the best interests of the child and although there is still a measurable amount of discrimination against same-sex couples, it has been shown that same-sex parents are not contradictory to these interests. Providing a stable and loving environment for raising children is in the best interests of a child and whether this is provided by same-sex parents or heterosexual parents is of little consequence by comparison to the factual personal relationships that exist in these families. References Primary Sources Legislation The Children’s Act 1989 The Children’s Act 2004 Convention on the Rights of the Child, Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989, Entry into force 2 September 1990, in accordance with article 49. The European Convention on Human Rights The Human Rights Act 1998 Common Law Catholic Care (Diocese of Leeds) v Charity Commission for England and Wales. [2012] Upper Tribunal, Appeal number FTC/52/2011 Fitzpatrick v. Sterling Housing Association Ltd [1999] 4 All ER 705 K and T v Finland [2001]36 EHRR 18 Karner v Austria [2003] 38 EHRR 528 Mazurek v France [2000] 42 EHRR 9 R (Williamson) [2005] UKHL 15 Re: Compatibility of the Adoption Order (NI) with the ECHR [2012] NIQB 77 Salgueiro da Silva Mouta v Portugal [1999] 31 EHRR 47 X, Y Z v UK [1997] 24 EHRR 143 ZH (Tanzania) v SSHD [2011] UKSC 4 Secondary Sources Haringey Local Safeguarding Childrens Board (2009) Serious Case Review ‘Child A’ (ref: March 2009) London: Department for Education Hodson, L. (2008) The Rights of Children Raised in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual or Transgender Families: A European Perspective. IGLA: Europe Lundy, L. (2007) Voice Is Not Enough: Conceptualising Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. British Educational Research Journal, Vol 33, Issue 6, pp. 927 942 Wintemute, R. Andenas, M. (2001) Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Partnerships: A Study of National, European, and International Law. Hart: Oxford

Ontario Harmonized Sales Tax (HST)

Ontario Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) What is the Ontario Harmonized Sales Tax? As part of its 2009 provincial budget, the Ontario government tabled a bill on November 16, 2009 to introduce a harmonized sales tax (HST) in Ontario. The harmonized sales tax being proposed by Ontario will combine the eight percent provincial sales tax with the five percent federal goods and services tax (GST) to create a single 13 percent harmonized sales tax (HST) administered by the federal government. The Ontario HST is scheduled to take effect July 1, 2010. Why is Ontario Switching to the HST? The Ontario government says Ontarios current dual tax system puts Ontario businesses at a competitive disadvantage and implementation of a single sales tax would bring the province into line with the most efficient form of sales taxation around the world. They say the tax reform being proposed, including the HST, will create jobs and position the Ontario economy for future growth as the province emerges from the economic downturn. They also claim the single sales tax will reduce paperwork costs for business by more than $500 million a year. Tax Relief to Offset the Ontario HST The 2009 Ontario budget will provide $10.6 billion over three years in personal income tax relief to help consumers through the transition to the single sales tax. This includes personal Ontario income tax cuts and direct payments or rebates. It will also provide $4.5 billion in business tax relief over three years, including reducing the corporate income tax rate to 10 percent over three years, cutting the small business tax rate and exempting more small and medium-sized businesses from corporate minimum tax. What the Ontario HST Means to Consumers For the most part, consumers will not notice a large change in prices. However, there are many items currently exempt from the provincial sales tax that will no longer be exempt. They include: gasolineheating fuelselectricitytobaccopersonal services, such as haircuts, membership fees for clubs and gyms, magazines, taxi fares, professional services for lawyers, architects, and accountants, and real estate commissions. The HST will not be charged on: basic groceriesprescription drugssome medical devicesmunicipal public transithealth and education serviceslegal aidmost financial serviceschild caretutoringmusic lessonsresidential rentscondo fees    Currently, the PST is not applied to those items. There will still be a few exemptions from the provincial portion of the sales tax: childrens clothing and footweardiaperschildrens car seats and car booster seatsfeminine hygiene productsbooks (including audio books)prepared food and beverages sold for $4.00 or lessprint newspapers The Ontario HST and Housing No HST will be charged on residential rentscondo feespurchase of resale homes    The HST will be applied on the purchase of new homes. However, homebuyers will be able to claim a rebate of some of the provincial portion of the tax for new homes priced up to $500,000. The rebate for new primary residences under $400,000 will be six percent of the purchase price (or 75 percent of the provincial portion of the tax), with the rebate amount reduced for homes priced between $400,000 and $500,000. Buyers of new residential rental properties will receive a similar rebate. The HST will apply to ​real estate commissions.

The Main Issues Involved in Iranians Annotated Bibliography

The Main Issues Involved in Iranians - Annotated Bibliography Example This research will begin with the review of â€Å"Irangeles: Iranians in Los Angeles† written by Ron Kelley, Jonathan Friedlander, and Anita Colby. The researcher states that in a novel format, this work is a combination of essays, interviews, and photographs of the Iranian immigrants in Southern California. According to the research findings, the work shows how Iranian women in the U.S try to adopt the Western culture and to deny their Iranian roots. This work  helps in explaining the general tendency among the Iranian women writers after the revolution to present themselves as liberal, freedom-loving, and democratic human beings who have nothing to do with terrorism and extremism. The present research has identified that Nesta Ramazani is another female contemporary of Satrapi. With an Iranian father and English mother, Nesta narrates her life in Iran before and after the revolution. This paper illustrates that the writer faces a lot of pressure in the fundamental Iranian society, and manages to struggle through with luck and hard work.   The work shows how Iranian, Islamic, and Western cultures collide, mingle, and influence the lives of people in Iran. The autobiography by Nesta is used in two ways. Firstly, it helps understand the influence of fundamentalism on Iranian people, and secondly, it helps explore the general tendency among Iranian women writers to show adherence to the West.  

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Psychology - Essay Example During the development of the personality the primary caregiver must connect with positive regard to the child in order for his or her personality to develop correctly. This becomes the basis for congruence and the personality is more directly connected between the real self and the perceived self. This Rogers perceives as a required psychological adjustment, â€Å"...which is characterized by an openness to experience without defensiveness, congruence between self and experience, and living by an internal locus of evaluation rather than by externally determined conditions of worth." (Demorest 144) His methods puts the clients back in control and Rogerian Therapy is basically a client centered non-directive approach whereby the therapist acts as a conduit for the client so that he can view him or herself more clearly. As human beings we have an "idea" or concept of who we are and what we really should be, hence we create an Ideal Self that we constantly strive for, often in vain. If the perceived self, our own self-image, is not aligned with the actual self, how we really are, there will always be personality problems and dysfunction as one relates to one's self and the rest of the world. (Kail & Wicks).

Foundational Paradigm for Ministry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Foundational Paradigm for Ministry - Essay Example hed values, the operative functions of the Church, the priorities to be undertaken by the Church, its direction along with the specific duties which must be performed by the bishop, and also the critical foundations which would help differentiate true essence of Christianity from the false version. This implies that various sources must be analyzed to converge the paradigm which must reflect true teachings of Christ. An analysis of the aforementioned perspectives will lead to an emergence of a foundational paradigm for the ministry which may be useful to understand the religious values in context, also it would help in the identification of one`s own personal afflictions towards religion. In order to understand the Church, the purpose for which the ministry of Church has been established would have to be discussed in detail. Various scriptures and analysis of the holy Bible suggest that the people of God are those who are alive merely for spiritual wellbeing, those who believe in the royal priesthood, people of God and those who serve others. These references imply that there is more to life for people of God than they can ever imagine, i.e. they must be indulged in building the spiritual tower, they must offer their spiritual rituals and sacrifices for worship (Branick 2009). Furthermore, an analysis of the Pastoral Letters suggest that people of God must abstain from the lust and darkness of the world, and ensure that their way of life is in compliance with the testimony of excellence offered by the religion. In addition, these letters draw attention towards what the true nature of the Church must be as opposed to a version which has been polluted. Furthermore, the foundations of the Church may be identified by virtue of Timothy and Titus which stress on the doctrines of humility, righteousness and hospitality on part of those running the institution (Manning 1871). Therefore, the people of God may thus be referred to as God`s Children, where those undertaking

Case on TQM Essay Example for Free

Case on TQM Essay ABSTRACT: Using case study methodology, the authors asked quality managers about their company’s experience with ISO 9000:1994 and total quality management (TQM) implementation. The results show that initially the standard could help some companies reorganize their procedures and define responsibilities and duties. However, managers’ perspectives on its possible effect on company performance are not positive. Only product quality improves after implementation. On the contrary, TQM has improved many aspects of performance, the most influential aspects being those â€Å"soft† dimensions of leadership and human resource management. These aspects were not included in ISO 9000:1994. After analyzing ISO 9000 as a first step toward the TQM implementation, as much of the literature advises, the authors’ findings suggest that managers consider it to be a disturbing element when implemented jointly with TQM. Their study points out that, in practice, there are two parallel quality systems in a company. To get better results, it is important to adapt ISO requirements to facilitate TQM implementation; otherwise, the only advantage of the registration is the â€Å"permission† to selling the market. INTRODUCTION: Over the last decade, ISO 9000 certification has been the subject of many articles. The phenomenon of its quick development led to a belief that it was a great advantage for a company to attain registration. In keeping with this, many researchers tried to identify the impact of ISO 9000 certification on companies’ results and management. An important group of researchers has not found any strong positive relationship between certification and results. However, there is another group of articles that points out an influence of registration on product quality. Apart from any influence derived from implementation, some authors advocated that certification could be a good first step toward a total quality management (TQM) system, raising awareness of quality among workers and a good climate in which to implement it. Regarding this point, implementation of the standard was advised with the aim of implementing TQM in order to obtain maximum benefits from the registration (Brecka, 1994; Meegan and Taylor 1997; Huarng, Horng, and Chen 1999; Hughes, Williams, and Ryall 2000; Sun 2000; Gotzamani and Tsiotras 2002). The question is: Do companies really implement ISO certification with this aim? Is the accepted wisdom that ISO certification could â€Å"help† companies attain a TQM system true? Which aspects of ISO do that? The purpose of this research is to empirically evaluate the real contribution of ISO 9000 toward TQM implementation. METHODOLOGY: Case study methodology is best when the objective is to build theory in preliminary phases of a research study or to add new perspectives to previous research (Yin 1994). Part of this research can be considered as preliminary, because there is still little evidence on how the ISO 9000 and TQM act jointly in management. The objective of the case study is not the statistical generalization, but the analytical one. This methodology tries to generalize from case to theory; it does not attempt to extrapolate facts from sample to population. Relating to the number of cases, the lower number will allow the researcher to obtain more information (Voss, Tsikriktsis, and Frohlich 2002). However, a multiple case study increases reliability and external validity. †¢ Predict similar results (literal replication) †¢ Get different results due to predictable reasons The authors chose a multiple case study instead of a single one to increase external validity and reliability. Fourteen companies among the biggest manufacturing companies in Spain were selected for the study. The cases were selected with the condition of being certified at least by the ISO 9000:1994. Three of them were applying TQM and two were recently certified by the new version of ISO 9000:2000. The case study protocol included two questionnaires in order to apply triangulation. One of them was used in the interview with the quality manager. The other questionnaire was to be completed by other managers not associated with the quality area. The authors took into consideration other documents supplied by the company and direct observation through plant visits. Table 1 shows the companies participating in the study and their characteristics. Later in this article, the authors assign a number for each company in order to safeguard confidentiality of responses. The criteria used to select companies were mainly: †¢ Homogeneity of external factors: The authors focused on manufacturing companies since ISO 9000 was initially designed for industrial companies. RESULTS: Effects of TQM on Company Performance: First the authors classified companies according to the degree of implementation of a total quality system. They identified three companies with high levels and experience in TQM the remaining companies had a low degree of TQM implementation. This classification was based on information about TQM dimensions such as customer orientation, work teams for continual improvement, consciousness about quality, quality planning, and so on. Managers of the three TQM companies were asked about the perceived performance improvements as a result of TQM implementation. The three managers agreed that TQM implementation had benefited the company in many ways. Then the authors asked them to position the improvements in a set of performance measurements, explaining why the TQM system had improved every measure. Measurements were obtained from a literature review that relates quality management and performance. The richness of the case study is that the manager is able to explain at the moment of completing the questionnaire the â€Å"why† of each rate and to add evidence to the question. Table 2 shows the results along with some notes from managers. The last column shows the value of the influence on each measure based on the majority of responses (1-2=low, 3=medium, 4-5=high). In the cases where companies’ responses are very different (one of each) there is not enough evidence to affirm that TQM influences that point. According to these managers’ perceptions, TQM influences product quality, customer service, fast response, competitiveness, customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction and motivation, rate of defects, and stock price. Regarding the customers’ claims, it is important to note that two managers indicated that this point had not improved because customers today are more demanding than before. A similar explanation is valid for warranty costs. One company also pointed out that these costs often come from a wrong use of the product and not from its quality. Exports and innovations were not tested because of the particular characteristics of the companies interviewed Financial measures were difficult to mark. Managers agreed that they would need more information to position themselves, although they perceived that the market in general values the fact that the company has implemented a TQM system and consequently, the stock price rises. After completing the questionnaire, managers were asked to indicate the elements of TQM that are â€Å"more responsible† for company improvements. Following are their responses †¢ Company 1: â€Å"The most important aspect is that everybody in the company, including the cleaning service, the doorman, and the accountant, is conscious and worried about quality. Before, the only people interested in quality were the quality department staff.† †¢ Company 4: â€Å"Personnel motivation and participation. If you get this, then the complete system works.† †¢ Company 12: â€Å"First, the general belief of the importance of quality. Second, the decision to be real leaders. Managers and staff move together towards the same aim.â⠂¬  Effects of ISO 9000 on Company Performance: Quality managers were also asked about the influence that ISO 9000:1994 registration has had on the same aspects of company results that were considered for TQM. They were asked to give a score from 1 to 5 (1=no influence, 5=very strong influence). The global influence that ISO 9000:1994 has had over each variable, evaluated according to the majority of responses, is presented in the final column of Table 3. As can be seen, the only aspect that clearly improved from the date of certification was product quality. One manager said this was because they had to create procedures and reduce variability in the production process because of ISO implementation. All of them agreed that the product was the same as before certification. The only difference was that after ISO implementation it was more controlled. The defect rate had consequently decreased as well. The effect on both customer satisfaction and competitiveness was medium. It is worth explaining that when the quality manager considered that certification could improved these variables, he always explained that â€Å"customer satisfaction† was derived from the accomplishment of a previous requirement from him: to attain certification. Some other managers pointed out that this satisfaction could be due to improvement in claims management. When ISO 9000 was first created, being a certified company was a competitive advantage. Today this advantage has disappeared and it has become a requirement to compete in the market. The effect on customer service was also medium. In this sense, ISO 9000 certification has been useful to organize the claims management system. Each claim must be registered and evaluated. There must exist a procedure to solve claims. Regarding the employees, the ISO 9000 system improved their productivity and their interest in quality problems. Improvement in productivity is again explained by better procedures and work instructions. However, many managers have confessed that employee satisfaction worsened because of the bureaucracy of the system. The documentation needed to sustain the system increased their workload. The remaining variables are not considered to have any impact on results. Note that the financial measures were not influenced by the implementation of the standard. When managers were asked about the main advantages and disadvantages of certification, they agreed that certification is helpful to organize the production system through procedures and work instructions. The paperwork generated was identified as the most negative consequence. After asking if certification was profitable, the majority answered that â€Å"it had to be,† pointing out that nowadays it is a basic requirement. â€Å"If we did not have it, we couldn’t sell,† they affirmed. ISO 9000 and TQM: If data on the companies that had implemented TQM are analyzed, it can be seen that certification had less impact on nearly all results. The first company shows higher marks in some variables. This company was the only one that started the quality journey by implementing ISO 9000 first and then TQM. It would explain the fact that the ISO standard could help managers organize the production process when quality management was at an initial stage. In fact, the manager of this company stated that formalization was useful for learning and for having criteria for future comparisons. The other two managers of companies applying TQM did not find any impact, although they suggested that the certification could help in some cases when companies had problems regarding process management. Finally, as an interesting note, one of the managers was worried about the new version of the standard, ISO 9000:2000. As explained before, managers try to establish minimal requirements in the quality manual to avoid what they believe as disturbances in their normal work. In his opinion, the new version represents a higher level of a quality system, is more demanding, and tries to incorporate some points more in line with the TQM system. It would mean that the auditor should have access to new fields in his or her company, and they would have to allow him or her to interrupt many aspects of the process. It could mean that the company worked less well than before. CONCLUSION: The authors asked quality managers of 14 companies about their experience with both ISO 9000:1994 implementation and TQM. Only three of the 14 companies had implemented TQM. Those companies have had improvements in performance as a result. These were mainly in product quality, customer and employee satisfaction, and competitiveness. When asked about the most important dimensions of TQM for getting these better results, managers agreed on leadership and employee participation. Regarding ISO 9000, the results show that the only clear improvement is in product quality. Managers agree that certification was useful in the initial stages of quality system implementation, mainly because they improved their production process through the development of work procedures, creating an atmosphere in which quality played an important role and defining responsibilities and duties. Initially, ISO 9000 certification was a competitive tool because it was still a novelty. However, today, certification is no longer a competitive advantage, but a prerequisite to play in the market. The authors have detected that companies that are applying TQM have fewer improvements in performance when ISO 9000 was implemented than the others. One of them presents slightly higher values, and, by coincidence, it is the only one that was ISO 9000 registered before implementing TQM. This could give the impression that the standard could be a good first step toward TQM implementation n. However, a more in-depth interview with managers changed the authors’ point of view. The managers point out that the ISO standard can be an obstacle when implemented jointly with a TQM system, interfering in the normal operation of the business and allowing the auditor to â€Å"inspect† too many aspects of the quality system and slowing it down. The solution to this problem provided by some of the Spanish managers interviewed was to completely separate implementation of a TQM system from the ISO 9000 system. Within other business culture contexts, the solution could well be different. Those companies that decided to apply the ISO regulation more strictly introduced all those aspects related to GCT in the manual. Then, the auditor will have a more important role and his or her understanding of what TQM is will be more important in these cases. Therefore, the effect of ISO 9001:2000 on company results will also depend on two factors: 1) the managers’ fulfilment of norms, and 2) the auditors’ understanding of TQM. Differences among countries due to different management cultures will then be a cause of differences in ISO 9001 effects and an interesting topic of analysis. The new version of the standard is closer to a TQM system. In particular, it tries to improve human resource management, customer focus, and leadership. According to managers, and supported by the conclusions of previous authors, the â€Å"soft† variables of TQM are responsible for the improvement in results derived from TQM implementation. It is an opportunity for companies to achieve better performance by applying the new version adequately. This new standard could also be a good first step toward a TQM system. Further research in this sense would be interesting to help managers attain more benefits from certification.

Aging:The Original Human Condition Essay -- Geriatrics Health Papers

Aging:The Original Human Condition Aging is a phenomena we are all familiar with, a trait characteristic of all humankind, in fact, of all living organisms. What are the effects of aging, especially those which go beyond the biological aspects and effect the social aspects of changing roles, seniority, and treatment of the aged? What was the original human condition before high-tech medical interventions redefined death and dying, before the industrial age changed the nature of the nuclear and extended family? Going back still farther, what can the behavior of chimpanzees tell us about the origins of our responses to the aging of those around us? Having worked in the field of geriatrics, in a nursing home setting, I have had the opportunity to be involved in the direct care of the elderly. Over a period of time, I have come to accept living one's last years in a nursing home as an eventual "normal" response to the aging process. As a result of this study, I anticipate having an enlarged perspective and an enhanced sensitivity to the psychosocial aspects of aging. Aging Defined The Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology (1996) was a helpful source to gain a definition on aging which includes the concepts of life course, seniority, and treatment of the aged. Aging can be measured by common biological content: proportion of the maximum fife span one has lived, performance on a series of physiological tests which index biological age, and patterns of the age­specific risk of mortality. Despite this universal biological content, it is notable that aging takes on a variety of forms, many which show regular associations with aspects of culture. Rather than focusing on age, it may be more appropriate to review the life cy... ...k, NY: Harper Collins College Publishers Collier's Encyclopedia. 1983. New York, NY: Macmillan Educational Company Goodall, Jane. 1990. Through a Window: My 30 Years with Chimpanzees of Gombe. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company Handbook of North American Indians. 1984. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Semour­Smith, Charlotte. 1986. Dictionary of Anthropology. Boston, MA: G.K. Hall and Company Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology. 1996. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company Marshall, Loma. 1976. The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press Dentan, Robert Knox. 1968. The Semai: A Nonviolent People of Malaya. Orlando, FL: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Maxwell, Robert J. and Phillip Silverman. 1989. "Geronticide". In The Content of Culture: Studies in Honor of John M. Roberts. New Haven, CN.: HRAF Press

Free Essays - Themes and Voices in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein :: Frankenstein essays

Themes and Voices in Frankenstein There are many different narrative voices that take place in the novel Frankenstein. These narrative voices not only help the reader appeal to different characters, but they develop characters personality as well. The monster's character evolves in many ways throughout the novel, depending on the point of view it's coming from. When the monster himself speaks (first person) the reader tends to feel sympathy as well as pity, towards him. He is loving and gentle at the beginning of his life, childlike in his curiosity and experiences, but after several harsh encounters with humans, he becomes bitter. Thus seeking revenge on his creator for making him so hideous and rendering him permanently lonely because of his ugliness. He doesn't come across nearly as horrific as he is believed to be in the eyes of Frankenstein. All the monster wanted was to love and to be loved in return and instead he was the true outcast of society. The monster shows a unique ability to analyze humanity because, though he's not a human himself, he has the intelligence of one. He explains, "I heard about the slothful Asiatics; of the stupendous genius and mental activity of the Grecians; of the wars and wonderfu l virtue of the early Romans--of their subsequent degenerating--of the decline of that mighty empire; of chivalry, Christianity, and kings." This synopsis of culture in a nutshell shows the monster's ability to put humanity in perspective. Yet this education only furthers the monster's realization that he is disconnected from the humans he admires. The reader's take on the monster however changes dramatically when Victor is the narrator. Frankenstein's creation becomes a wretched and terrible villain of the story when it is told through him (third person). For example Victor's disgust and hatred for the monster is evident right from the first time he sees him, as he says "A flash of lightning illuminated the object and discovered its shape plainly to me; its gigantic stature, and the deformity of its aspect, more hideous than belongs to humanity, instantly informed me that it was the wretch, the filthy demon to whom I had given life." When the story is told through Victor it is all about what the monster is doing to him and how heartless the creature is.

BlackHawk War And Seminole War

Two monumental wars began because of these disagreements, the Black Hawk War and the Second Seminole War. With these two wars the Tribal Indians classical fought on the grounds where they didn't feel it was right they as the land owners would be kicked off their rightful land because the government wanted it for their own use. The Second Seminole War was lead by an Indian named Solaces (Hatch, 2012). Solaces was the son of a white man and Indian women.Solace's father would beat his mother in front of him often until one day she chose to run (Chance, 2003). Solaces was captured one time after running which gave him a greater hatred for the ones he called â€Å"The White Man† (Chance, 2003). In 1819 Spain had turned Florida into the Unites States and the Native Americans that had fled south Were Once again caught in U. S territory who they knew would try to relocate them away from their home. Solaces was a part of one of the tribes, the â€Å"Seminole† tribe that was goin g to have to move towards the Mississippi.Solaces did not want him or his people to have to move, so when there was a meeting that was going to be held most of the other tribes signed their treaties agreeing to move their tribes out of Florida, but the Seminole tribe refused to move, Solaces stated as he stood up at the meeting with a knife in his hand â€Å"This is the only treaty I will make with the whites† (Hatch, 2012). From that point on it was a war between the government and the Seminole. For years the Generals could not take over the Seminole Tribe.The tribe was strong like their leader Solaces and the tribe knew the area well to know how to take advantage of anyone coming to hurt them or their people (Hatch, 2012). The Seminole Tribe fought many small wars and never lost until their leader got very sick with malaria and became very weak (Hatch, 2012). Solaces had two leaders under him which guided and ran the troops, but the tribe depended on Solace's strength and w hen he got weak so did all of his Indian Army.Towards the end of the war a General Hernandez was allowed to come to the Seminole camp, the Seminole hung its white flag at half mass as it's flag of truce, but since the Seminole had such a stubbornness to them when it came to the Generals and their Army, General Hernandez had his men silently surround the camp and when given the sign they took it over and the invincible Solaces was captured and imprisoned (Hatch, 2012). A year later Solaces died and when he died about only 100 Seminole were left in Florida (Hatch, 2012).The Blackjack War also happened during the sass's. Black Hawk himself as one of the Auk Indians. Two chiefs had agreed to a treaty that the Auk Indians would leave the land east of the Mississippi and let the government have it. Back Hawk and other Auk Indians did not believe these chiefs had the right to give this land away (Wisconsin, 2014). A quarter century later settlers began to start taking over the land with no respect for any treaties at the time and the Auk Indians thought it was futile to resist the overwhelming white forces (Wisconsin, 2014).Black Hawk decided to lead 1,200 Auk's in the hope of reoccupying their home and land (keep in mind Black Hawk didn't hind the treaty was real and thought it was fraudulent because of who had did the signing) and if anything bad Was to happen the British would come to his aid (which they did not) (Wisconsin, 2014). In 1832 for 16 weeks Black Hawk and his followers had plans. The warriors would fight and the non- combatants would try to find ways across the Mississippi River to safety.Many died from hunger, thirst, exhaustion, and were buried on the trail (Wisconsin, 2014). Troops were able to attacks when the Auk's Indians reached the banks of the Mississippi near the mouth of the Bad Axe River Wisconsin, 2014). In the end Black Hawk left his followers to surrender and only 150 Indians survived out of the 1,200 that began with Black Hawk. The two tribes didn't want to just give up land they believed was there, but who can blame them.Imagine if someone came into your home and said they were going to take it and you had to move with your family. These two tribes suffered a great deal and the families all suffered with so many dead. There is one big difference between the two wars though. Each tribe had one main leader Solaces and Black Hawk. Solaces did retreat as did Black Hawk, but Black Hawk just ended up giving up on his followers completely where Solaces didn't. Solaces tried to finally work with the military and come up with a treaty for his followers.Solaces didn't just give up and walk away from his followers in hopes they make it. Regardless of all the history, all the Indian tribes were treated unfairly and were always bullied by the government to due whatever the government thought was best (which was always best for the government, not everyone involved). The Tribes did fight and did try to stand their ground and h old onto their land. In the end the tribes just weren't strong or big enough to fight off he militias and troops involved against them and lost both battles.

Eugenics in America essays

Eugenics in America essays What do you think of when you hear the word eugenics? Well, one thing that should come to mind is Hitler and what he did with the Jews and other people he thought were noncompliant to what he had in mind was the perfect human race. Not only did Hitler do this, but the American people thought it was ok in the mid 19th century. Even in our time there are some things that people are doing that could be considered as eugenics, such as genetic testing. These things and others will be talked about in this paper, and they will attempt to be better explained. What a few people think about eugenics is not necessarily what everybody else thinks about it. The reason for saying this is because from the mid 20th century up to the present, geneticists have been doing genetic testing. One main question that will be addressed is how have we as Americans and other societies of the world tried to control the science of improving the human stock for social and political reasons since 1865. To a nswer this question I guess we will have to start at the beginning. Eugenics was probably really started when Alfred Binet came up with the intelligence test in France. The test was made up of a series of short tasks that were in some way related to everyday problems. The hardest task that was successfully completed was associated to a persons mental age. There were however some concerns that Binet had because of the test. Some of these concerns were: it distinguished between natural knowledge and instruction and he worried about self-fulfilling prophecies. He intended for the test to be used for good to identify children to help and improve rather than to label and limit students. There was someone that wanted to use this test to distinguish between people of good mental health and those that were morons (Goddard). The person that wanted to do this was H H Goddard. He brought Binets scale to America fro...

Barilla Essays

Barilla Essays Barilla Essay Barilla Essay Barilla SPA currently must decide the logistic planning of its future production and distribution systems. The company is suffering from issues dealing with fluctuating demand from distributors, and the lack of end user sales and demand Information. Brandon Vital, the former director of logistics for Barilla, suggested the use of a Just- In-Time Distribution DITTO) system in order to fix these issues. After much resistance from distributors and Barilla employees itself, a decision as to whether to implement the CITED system or other alternatives much be chosen. Causes for the Bullwhip Effect and other Issues Promotion The largest Issue effecting distributor demand Is promotion offerings. The year Is broken down Into 10 to 12 canvas periods, where distributors could gain a discount anywhere from 1. 4% to 10%, dependent on the product category. Promotions are offered in the forms of transportation, price, or volume discounts. Selection as to what product will be discounted does not seem to be based on any statistical basis seeing as how no end user information is available. Fluctuation of demand arises when distributors purchase high amounts during rumination periods whether that particular product Is needed or not. This creates overstock In distributor warehouses f demand Is low, causing a decrease in sales order for the next purchase period. Minimum and Maximum Requirements Barilla does not require minimum or maximum sales orders. The lack of a minimum requirement increase productions costs by not allowing Barilla to achieve economies of scale. The absence of the maximum requirement allows distributors to purchase high quantities during promotional periods, creating false demand for Barilla. Distributor Substitutable sells to two types of distributors: Grandee Deleteriousness (GO), large distributors that sell to supermarket chains, and Distributions Organize (DO) that sell to independent supermarkets. Both groups lack forecasting systems or information technology to record sales and demand trends. The distributors also Incentives System Barilla? have too much control over the ordering process. Sale representative incentive system is based on the number of product sold to distributors. Therefore, they attempt to push products only during promotional erodes, contributing to false demand. Large SKIS Selection Barilla offers over 800 SKU in the dry goods selection alone, varying by pasta type, ingredients, and packaging quantities and size. Just-Len-Time Distribution The CITED program would attempt to improve operations by delivering ? quantities to the distributors based on end user Information provided by the distributor themselves. Pros This Incentive would give Barilla more control over the ordering process, reducing the risks involved with improper forecasting and purchases by distributors. Labor, transport, and reduction costs would be reduced thanks to better planning, creating stability and order. Barilla can optimize the entire production and sales process based on more accurate end user information Instead of biased distributor order patterns. This will g eve Barilla more control In every stage AT tenet supply canal, allowing ten company to operate at its fullest potential. Cons The CITED was strongly opposed by both Barilla employees and distributors. The major issue is the resistance of the distributors in accepting the program due to the fact they feel that they will lose intro over the ordering and distribution process. The distributors do not trust Barilla with their information, and therefore are highly reluctant to provide it. Sales personnel also feel that they will no longer be needed for marketing products to the distributors, and fear lay-offs. They will no longer be able to influence sales figures seeing as how these numbers will already be standardized, losing all rewards and incentives. In general, Barilla and its distributors have a lack of trust in this program; they have to review all the options before launching this program in order to be a success. Options: There are several options Barilla can turn to in this case: stay with the system they have right now, implement the JODI program as it is or implement the CITED program in the long run, with adjustments to accommodate customers. We have decided to go with the third option of implementing the JODI program but in the long run, with adjustments, incentives and other benefits to both the buyer and the supplier. First they have to implement a system which allows Barilla to gather point of sales and units information. Centralizing the information will allow Barilla to recognize the sales of each product, change in demand and what products to produce and when. (**) The strategy we are trying to use was to gather the information straight form the customer, but since customers are not willing to provide the information nor the technology is available to gather the information by other means, we have two options. First option is to buy the information straight form the customer and offer a confidentiality agreement to reassure them that the information will not be distributed to any other company. The second is to offer deals to the customers where they will receive discounts on the orders, a faster deliver time where the retailers will be able to free their stockrooms for other merchandise. A confidentiality agreement will also be available for these retailers. Another option is to change the pricing and promotion strategy in order to stabilize the demand for each product. At the beginning of this project, all of the promotions will be eliminated, discounts will only be offered in bulk orders, this will help us to start building a demand table to see what items are being sold. Barilla is working with over 800 another strategy will be to reduce the number of in order to gain a better idea of what products have the demand and what other products to market more heavily. Improve the lead time of the delivery of the products in order to give them more shelf time and be able to manage the production better. If Barilla wants this program to succeed they will have to invest in more equipment, in order have a better production line. In a company where more than 800 products are produces, it is very time consuming to be hanging the equipment every so often to produce all pastas available in Barilla. Recommendations: Our main recommendation will be to eliminate the need for distributors; this will eliminate many of the problems that Barilla has build up during the years. The first issue that will get resolved is the thrust issue between distributors and Barilla. This will allow Barilla to get first hand information regarding the demand of their products, which is the main goal of this operation. This could also allow netter management AT ten plant, allowing ten warehouse anon t reduction line to better utilize their resources and have a better management of the supply chain. Barilla will gain control of the distribution line and create better and more efficient lines of distributions for their products. Barilla will have to set up warehouses for their products, and can strategically place them near the most important cities. Barilla can Justify all these new expenses by gaining control of the information on the demand, information for production is invaluable in these types of companies.

STAT 1350, Quiz #9, Summer 2014 Essays - Covariance And Correlation

STAT 1350, Quiz #9, Summer 2014 Essays - Covariance And Correlation STAT 1350, Quiz #9, Summer 2014Name _______________________________________ 1.The correlation between the heights of fathers and the heights of their (adult) sons is r = 0.52. This tells us that A)taller-than-average fathers tend to have taller-than-average sons. B)taller-than-average fathers tend to have shorter-than-average sons. C)sons are, on the average, taller than their fathers. D)52% of all sons are taller than their fathers. E)there is almost no connection between heights of fathers and sons. Ans: A 2.Which of the values below is impossible for the descriptive measure in question? A)r = 1.25 D)Both A and C are correct. B) = 0.2 E)Both B and C are correct. C)s = 3.4 Ans: D 3.A study found correlation r = 0.43 between high school math grades (on a 0 to 100 scale) and income 10 years after high school. This means that A)people with high math grades tend to have higher income than people with low math grades. B)people with low math grades tend to have higher income than people with high math grades. C)there is almost no association between math grades and income. D)a mistake has been made because a correlation cannot be 0.43. E)a mistake has been made because a correlation between math grades and income makes no sense. Ans: A 4.Which of the statements does not contain a statistical blunder? A)There is a strong negative correlation between a persons sex and the amount that he or she pays for automobile insurance. B)The mean height of young women is 64 inches, and the correlation between their heights and weights is 0.6 inches. C)The correlation between height and weight for adult females is about r = 1.2. D)All three prior statements contain blunders. Ans: D 5-8. An education researcher measured the IQ test scores of 78 seventh-grade students in a rural school, and also their school grade point average (GPA) measured on a 12-point scale. Here is a graph of GPA versus IQ for these students: 5.The name for this kind of graph is a A) histogram. B) bivariate plot. C) boxplot. D) scatterplot. Ans: D 6.The IQ score of the student who has the lowest GPA is about A) 103. B) 0.6. C) 72. D) 7.2. Ans: A 7.The graph shows A)a clear positive association. C)a clear negative association. B)very little association. D)a skewed distribution. Ans: A 8.One of these numbers is the correlation r between IQ score and GPA. Which is it? A) r = 0.02 B) r = 0.63 C) r = 0.95 D) r = 0.63 E) r = 0.95 Ans: B 9.Consider the following data: x36715 y36715 The correlation coefficient r is A) 7.6. B) 0.0 C) 1.0. D) 0.6. E) 1.0. Ans: E

Care Plan. 745769 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Care Plan. 745769 - Essay Example Specifically, limitation of tissue oxygenation directly due to a sluggish blood flow is the major pathophysiologic feature of sickle cell anemia. End- organ damage may result when tissue hypoxia is prolonged, which then can lead to death (Smeltzer & Bare, 2006, p. 886). II. Clinical Manifestations (Signs & Symptoms): Severity of the clinical manifestations depends largely on the proportion of RBCs that have sickled. That is, when more cells are sickled, the chances of thrombosis also increase, thus causing decreased oxygen supply to tissues and organs. Pain is one of the most common manifestations as hypoxic tissues generate lactic acid that easily irritates nerve endings and other pain receptors. When the heart tissue is involved, acute chest pain manifests and more commonly associated with tachycardia, fever, falling hemoglobin levels, and sometimes bilateral infiltrates seen on the chest x-ray. Since these cells have relatively shortened life- span, simultaneous hemolysis raises b lood bilirubin level up to toxic levels. This is manifested as jaundice. Complications result from chronic hemolysis or thrombosis (Smeltzer & Bare, 2006, p. 887). III. ... On the other hand, chemotherapy using hydroxyurea increases hemoglobin F levels in affected patients, therefore reducing the formation of sickle cells. Still, there has been no evidence yet if the drug reverses organ damage. Lastly, chronic RBC transfusion is particularly helpful in acute exacerbations of the condition causing severe anemia and infections. However, the patient may also develop complications due to iron overload and thrombosis (Smeltzer & Bare, 2006, p. 888). Nursing interventions are focused on providing continuous pain relief by prompt administration of pain medications prescribed by the physician and helping the client relax and reduce anxiety. Prevention of infection by maintaining a therapeutic environment and using aseptic technique in nursing procedures performed must be an integral part of the care plan. IV. Diagnostic Studies/Lab analysis: Blood tests reveal the presence of sickle RBCs. WBC Count- 9x103/mm3 (N: 3.54-9.06 x103/mm3). Hemoglobin level is 7 mg/ d l (N- 13- 16 mg/dl) which implies anemia and decreased tissue oxygenation, thus, necessitating blood transfusion. Discharge Planning and Client Teaching Continue medications as prescribed by physician. Determine learning needs and educate as necessary especially the common triggers of an exacerbation. Inform S.B. and his mother about his increased risk of acquiring infection and provide directions to prevent it. Caution about severe chest pain and other signs of exacerbations that warrant immediate hospitalization. NURS 401 NURSING CARE PLAN Growth and Development According to Erickson Stage: 6 Crisis: Intimacy vs. isolation (Videbect, 2007, p. 53) I. Describe your patient’s ability to achieve